Wednesday, February 17, 2016

Searching the Scriptures

Searching the Scriptures

            A bright and successful missionary attended a Book of Mormon class that I had been teaching for new members and people that missionaries had been teaching.  It was obvious to me that the missionary was well-versed in the Book of Mormon as well as all the scriptures and had a strong testimony of the gospel.  As I taught the class I frequently referred to what I call red flags in the Book of Mormon that shout out to the reader to pay attention to what follows.
            The missionary approached me after the class and thanked me for teaching her how to study the Book of Mormon.  “I’ve been a member of the Church all my life and have read the Book of Mormon several times,” she confided.  “But, no one ever taught me how to study it.”
            I was taken aback by her comment especially since she was so obviously well-versed in the scriptures, had attended four years of seminary, and was now only weeks away from finishing her full-time mission.  How was it possible, I wondered, that a person with such great understanding and fervent testimony never learned how to study the Book of Mormon?  It finally occurred to me that she had been taught all the scriptures and all the doctrine since her years in Primary, in her home, in Young Women’s, and in Seminary.  It was through her dutiful study she had all those marvelous teachings confirmed in her heart by the Spirit, but she never had the experience of discovering many of the marvelous truths on her own.
            Teachers and leaders tell us what to study (the scriptures and words of living prophets) and provide us with valuable insights.  There are so many guides available to us ranging from the Topical Guide, indices, and The Bible Dictionary to commentaries of all the Standard Works and online resources.  Using those resources allows us to make in-depth study of topics in the scriptures and provide us with practical application to the doctrines that learn.  Our understanding of the scriptures can experience tremendous growth as we rely upon these inspired resources.
            Then of course there is the measure of comfort that comes from simply reading the scriptures and the light we allow into our lives by reading and pondering upon this Holy Writ.  The scriptures provide direct answers to daily problems and by opening the conduit between heaven and earth so we may receive inspiration from the Holy Ghost.  We must never underestimate the power of the scriptures in our lives.
            There are, however, other tools and means by which we can discover wonderful gospel doctrine and gain a deeper understanding of the hidden truths within the pages of the Standard Works.
            In the earlier parts of my career as a police patrol officer and later as a detective I often found myself in the process of searching motor vehicles for contraband, illegal weapons, and other evidence of crime.  I learned how to search vehicles at the police academy.  But, it was through experience that I learned where it would be within the search that I could find evidence that I was looking for.  These were places in cars where I paid extra attention because I knew that these signal locations were most likely to yield the evidence I sought.  These signal locations were generally under arm rests, inside consoles, in glove boxes, above sun visors, under floor mats, under seats, and quite often in closed containers such as film canisters, bags, or purses.  These areas were my red flags and signaled to me that there would be a higher probability I would find what I was looking for than anywhere else in the car.  Also, it did not take me long to recognize the odor of freshly cut or recently smoked marijuana from a stopped car even when I sat in my own patrol car.  Being able to “smell it out” and knowing where to look within the confines of an automobile led to several contraband seizures.
            As I have searched the Book of Mormon I have come to recognize signal locations or red flag areas that point to evidence of doctrine to follow.  Instead of arm rests, under car seats, or in consoles, the red flags in the scriptures are specific words and phrases.  Among them are phrases that include and thus we see, and inasmuch, and if…then statements.  One such example is in King Benjamin’s sermon on service.  “Behold, ye have called me your king; and if I, whom ye call your king, do labor to serve you, then ought not ye to labor to serve one another?” (Mosiah 2:18).
“Often, the if…then statements are implied or may only include the word if.  Another important red flag is the word when, which occurs over 2100 times in the scriptures and frequently points to an important doctrine.  Moroni uses both if and when  to signal and important lesson. “And when ye shall receive these things, I would exhort you that ye would ask God, the Eternal Father, in the name of Christ, if these things are not true; and if ye shall ask with a sincere heart, with real intent, having faith in Christ, (then) he will manifest the truth of it unto you, by the power of the Holy Ghost.  And by the power of the Holy Ghost ye may know the truth of all things” (Moroni 10:4 - 5).
            Everyone understands that when you see the word remember in the Book of Mormon that it signals us that an important doctrinal message is to follow.  One such example can be found in Second Nephi.  “O, my beloved brethren, remember the awfulness in transgressing against that Holy God, and also the awfulness of yielding to the enticings of that cunning one.  Remember, to be carnally–minded is death, and to be spiritually–minded is life eternal” (2 Nephi 9:39).
            Frequently we see the repetition of a word in a verse or within a few verses in a chapter or two.  King Benjamin in telling us the importance of remaining “steadfast and immovable” (Mosiah 5: 15) uses the word name no less than a dozen times before he tells us to be steadfast and immovable.  In those verses we learn that we need to have faith on His name, that there is no other name by which salvation may be obtained, and that we should always have His name written in our hearts.  We also learn that the name is Christ (Mosiah 5: 7 – 14).
            Another example of the repetition of a word can be found in Third Nephi.  The word pray or prayed is used nearly 40 times from 3 Nephi 18: 15 through 3 Nephi 19: 36.  In those verses He tells us to pray to avoid temptation, to pray in our families, to pray for those who don’t attend our meetings, to pray for the world, to pray without ceasing, and to pray to the Father and then minister to those we pray for.
            Sometimes an important word does not appear several times within a verse or within a chapter, but may appear several times throughout the scriptures as if to punctuate a principle.  The word flattery appears several times throughout the Book of Mormon and describes the means by which followers of Satan attempt to lead the faithful away.  Sherem, who denied the existence of Christ, used flattery to shake the faith of believers (Jacob 7: 4 – 5).  Alma, before his conversion used flattery to lead people away (Mosiah 27: 8).  Korihor, the antichrist used flattering words to bring souls to destruction (Alma 30: 47).  Amalickiah used flattering words to get members of the church dissent (Alma 46: 7, 10).  Clearly, the message here is that we need to recognize flattery when we hear it and distance ourselves from temptation that may follow.
Other important signs are the inclusions of lists of actions, attributes, behaviors, and events.  Two such lists are in Amulek’s discourse found in Alma.  Amulek teaches about prayer and says that we must (1) “cry unto him”, (2) humble ourselves, (3) pray in our fields and flocks, (4) pray in our houses, (5) pray for our households, (6) pray morning, noon, and night, (7) pray against the power of our enemies, (8) pray against the devil, (9) pray in secret, (10) pray in our hearts, and (11) pray continually for our welfare and the welfare of those around us (Alma 34: 18 – 27).  Amulek provides another list in Alma 34: 37 – 41.
Important gospel truths frequently follow the word except.  This word occurs over 100 times in the Book of Mormon.  For sure, not every except in the Book of Mormon precedes an important message, but when seen it is worth sniffing out.  As examples, consider “For behold, except ye shall keep the commandments of God ye shall all likewise perish…” (2 Nephi 30:1), “Now ye see that this is the true faith of God; yea, ye see that God will support, and keep, and preserve us, so long as we are faithful unto him, and unto our faith, and our religion; and never will the Lord suffer that we shall be destroyed except we should fall into transgression and deny our faith” (Alma 44:4), or “And it came to pass that in the days of Ethem there came many prophets, and prophesied again unto the people; yea, they did prophesy that the Lord would utterly destroy them from off the face of the earth except they repented of their iniquities” (Ether 11:12).  The message of except ye or they repent occurs four times in the eleventh chapter of Ether alone!
And thus we see appears over a dozen times in the Book of Mormon and generally occurs at the conclusion of a story line or event.  When this phrase appears it often signals an important lesson that we should learn from the story.  “And thus we see that by small means the Lord can bring about great things” (1 Nephi 16:29), “And thus we see the end of him who perverteth the ways of the Lord; and thus we see that the devil will not support his children at the last day, but doth speedily drag them down to hell” (Alma 30:60), or “And thus we see that except the Lord doth chasten his people with many afflictions, yea, except he doth visit them with death and with terror, and with famine and with all manner of pestilence, they will not remember him” (Helaman 12:3).  Note also the inclusion of the word except  in Helaman 12: 3.
Not every except, and thus we see, if…then, or when signals and important doctrine.  Not every list of events or actions or every because, but behold, I know, and inasmuch, wherefore, therefore, and if it so be will have a message that will resonate with you.  But, by ignoring these red flags we risk missing important gospel principles.  And when one considers the fact that Mormon was dealing with limited space to make his abridgement he probably carefully chose every word that he inscribed on the plates.
As you continue to study the scriptures you will find other red flags or signals of important gospel doctrines to follow.  The list provided here is by no means complete nor is it the only means of coming to discover gospel principles.  However, these signal clues or red flags that pop up in the course of your search of the scriptures coupled with sincere prayer and using other study resources such as the Topical Guide, LDS Hymns, the teachings of latter-day prophets and apostles, and General Conference talks can help in the discovery of important doctrines within the scriptures, especially the Book of Mormon.


Friday, January 1, 2016

Law Enforcement Line of Duty Deaths

Law Enforcement Line of Duty Deaths

There are casualties in war.  The war on crime is no different than any other war that America has been engaged in except for the fact that the war on crime (and the American Civil War) has taken place on our own soil and not in some far-flung country or across the borders.  To help place things in proper perspective this ongoing war on crime has taken the lives of 20,668 local, county, state, and federal law enforcement officers since the first recorded officer death in 1791 (nleomf.org and odmp.org).  While hundreds of thousands of American soldiers, sailors, marines, and coast guard lives were lost in World Wars I and II and the number of police officer lives lost in the line of duty pale in comparison, this does not diminish the significance of the number or the importance of officers who have lost their lives while on duty.  But, if one wants to look at body counts then the number of officer lives lost over the past 225 years is still higher than the combined American lives lost in the Mexican-American War, Gulf War, and in the Iraq and Afghanistan Wars (prospect.org and va.gov).

There were 129 police officers who died in the line of duty in 2015.  This is quite a bit higher than the average (mean) of 92 lives lost per year since 1791 but considerably lower than the average (mean) 162 officer lives lost per year over the 16 year period from 2000 to 2015.

Perhaps when people think of officers who die in the line of duty they think of officers who are killed by gunfire.  Many officers lose their lives on duty due to gunfire.  In fact, gunfire is the leading cause of death among police officers, but it is not the only cause.  Only 39 of the 129 officers who died while on duty in 2015 were killed by intentional gunfire.  Table 1 below is a partial accounting of Line of Duty (LOD) deaths for 2015 and 2000 through 2015.

 

Table 1.
Line of Duty Deaths for 2015 and 2000 – 2015
 

Cause
Gunfire
Auto Accident
Heart Attack
Assault
9/11 Illness*
Accidental Gunfire
Training
Vehicle Pursuit
Vehicle Assault
Struck by Vehicle
2015
39
28
18
3
6
2
0
5
7
5
2000-2015
788
525
187
31
87
50
11
77
184
121

*More police officers have died from the after effects of 9/11 since the terrorist attacks than died in the collapse of the World Trade Center.
 

The above table is not all-inclusive.  Other deaths can be attributed to stabbing, bombs and other explosives, electrocution, drowning, illness contracted in the performance of duties, boating and aircraft accidents, exposure to toxins, bicycle accidents, animal attacks, adverse weather, fire, motorcycle accidents, heat exhaustion, other accidents, or being struck by a train (6 during the 16 year period).

A LOD death profile begins to emerge as we examine some of the characteristics of these officers.  For example, while women make up 13-14% of the sworn law enforcement officer force (http://www.policechiefmagazine.org/magazine/index.cfm?fuseaction=display_arch&article_id=1000&issue_id=92006), they comprise 5.8% of the officers who died on duty.  Their average (mean) age is 40 had have served an average of 12.1 years (all calculations based on numbers from odmp.org).  Their age and years of service should dispel any perception that officers who die are young and inexperienced or who were ready to retire.

There appears to be little correlation between the time of year and LOD deaths as is shown in Table 2.

 

Table 2.
Line of Duty Deaths by Month
 


Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
June
July
Aug
Sept
Oct
Nov
Dec
2015
14
2
16
6
17
9
5
15
14
7
11
13
2014
15
4
16
11
18
6
7
7
12
13
12
12
2013
7
12
11
10
15
7
7
9
12
8
7
14
2012
17
4
7
8
6
10
16
17
14
10
10
14
2011
18
14
26
11
16
16
16
16
10
9
7
21
2010
22
15
14
10
16
20
15
10
13
15
12
15
2009
13
8
15
15
13
12
10
9
10
14
12
9
2008
16
13
7
5
10
14
8
21
21
18
16
12
2007
14
14
19
22
25
20
16
16
13
16
14
15
2006
15
18
12
10
14
10
7
16
18
15
13
13
2005
12
9
15
13
12
11
16
14
21
16
15
12
2004
11
13
11
17
18
14
22
14
16
13
8
9
2003
11
8
8
17
16
16
16
13
7
8
18
14
2002
19
8
11
8
13
13
12
17
15
10
19
15
2001
11
17
19
7
11
16
12
16
19*
16
13
13
2000
16
12
13
7
13
17
20
13
16
16
8
13
231
171
220
177
233
211
205
223
231
204
195
214

*In order to avoid skewing the data the LOD deaths that happened as a result of the 9/11 attacks are not included on this table.  This was done after a great deal of soul-searching, but was finally excluded from this table as 9/11 hopefully is an anomaly.  Since 9/11 related illnesses have been “the gift that keeps on giving”, those numbers are included in this table.

 

Figures 1 and 2 below show the distribution of deaths by month for the years 2000 – 2015.



 

Figure 1.
Distribution of Officer Deaths by Month 2000 – 2015
 

 



Figure 2.
Percentage of Officer Deaths by Month 2000 - 2015
 
 


There are at least three ways to look at data location to determine where most police officers die in the line of duty.  We can examine raw numbers, ratios of officer deaths to a given population (1: X), or rates per 100,000.  Looking at raw data it is clear that more officers die in certain states than others.  The top states in officer deaths are New York (259 – excludes 9/11), Texas (227) California (188), Florida (133), and Georgia (110) (odmp.org).  Several states such as Wyoming, South Dakota, Vermont, North Dakota, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire are among states that had fewer than 6 LOD deaths.

However, before looking at individual states it may be helpful to look at bigger bites of the country or regions as designated by the United States Census Bureau.  Table 3 below shows the ratios of LOD deaths in the population of the region.  All figures are based on the Census Bureau’s 2013 population estimates for the designated regions.

 

Table 3.
Ratios of Officer Deaths to Regional Population
 


Region
Ratio
New England
1: 281,131
Mid-Atlantic
1: 111,990
South Atlantic
1: 119,736
East South Central
1: 84,307
West South Central
1: 99,694
East North Central
1: 180,861
West North Central
1: 161,905
Mountain
1: 127,828
Pacific
1: 195,244
Territories
1: 55,418

 


New England States include Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, and Vermont.  Mid-Atlantic States are New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey.  South Atlantic States include Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, Virginia, Maryland, South Carolina, West Virginia, Delaware, and Washington, D.C.  East South Central States are Tennessee, Alabama, Kentucky, and Mississippi. West South Central States include Texas, Louisiana, Oklahoma, and Arkansas.  East North Central States are Illinois, Ohio, Michigan, Indiana, and Wisconsin.  West North Central States include Missouri, Minnesota, Iowa, Kansas, Nebraska, South Dakota, and North Dakota.  The Mountain States are Arizona, Colorado, Utah, Nevada, New Mexico, Idaho, Montana, and Wyoming.  Pacific States are California, Washington, Oregon, Hawaii, and Alaska.  And the United States Territories include Puerto Rico, Guam, U.S. Virgin Islands, American Samoa, and the Northern Mariana Islands.

The commonly accepted method of looking at crime rates is to examine the number of crimes per one-hundred thousand population.  As we use this method of examining LOD deaths we see a different picture emerging.  Rates per one-hundred thousand is calculated by dividing the total population by 100,000 and then dividing the number of occurrences (in this case the LOD deaths) by the previous product.  For example, Maine has a population of  1,328,302.  To obtain the number of officer deaths per 100,000 in Maine we apply the following formula.

1,328,302 / 100,000 = 13.28302;  4 (officer deaths) / 13.28302 = 0.301204819.

Thus the police officer death rate for Maine is 0.3012 per 100,000.

Using this methodology allows us to compare large populations into the hundreds of thousands and millions to populations of less than 100,000.  Table 4 shows the number of officer deaths per 100,000 by region of the United States.

 

Table 4.
Officer Deaths per 100,000 Population by Region
 

Region
Officer Deaths per 100,000 Population
New England
0.3557
Mid-Atlantic
0.8929
South Atlantic
0.8352
East South Central
1.1861
West South Central
1.0031
East North Central
0.5529
West North Central
0.6176
Mountain
0.7823
Pacific
0.5123
Territories
0.5542

 


Note that the average or mean for the ten regions is 0.7292383, which places the Mountain states close to the average number of LOD deaths and the U.S. Territories somewhere below the mean score.  However, this number is somewhat skewed since the Northern Mariana Islands had no Line of Duty deaths.  In reality, the Territories had some of the highest reported Line of Duty deaths as is shown in Table 5.



 

Table 5.
State and Territory Rates of Line of Duty Deaths


 


State or Territory


State or Territory

Northern Mariana Islands
0

South Dakota
0.71
Connecticut
0.25

Virginia
0.73
North Dakota
0.28

Indiana
0.76
Maine
0.30

Hawaii
0.78
New Hampshire
0.30

North Carolina
0.81
Iowa
0.32

Texas
0.86
Nebraska
0.37

Kentucky
0.86
Rhode Island
0.38

Oklahoma
0.93
Minnesota
0.39

Maryland
0.94
Wisconsin
0.42

Arizona
0.97
Massachusetts
0.42

Missouri
1.06
West Virginia
0.43

Arkansas
1.08
Delaware
0.43

Montana
1.08
Oregon
0.43

Tennessee
1.09
Vermont
0.48

Georgia
1.10
California
0.49

South Carolina
1.19
Idaho
0.50

Washington, D.C.
1.24
New Jersey
0.51

New Mexico
1.24
Pennsylvania
0.51

Guam
1.26
Ohio
0.51

New York
1.32
Wyoming
0.51

Alabama
1.34
Washington
0.52

Alaska
1.50
Illinois
0.54

Mississippi
1.60
Michigan
0.56

American Samoa
1.79
Nevada
0.57

Puerto Rico
1.80
Colorado
0.61

Louisiana
1.84
Kansas
0.66

U.S. Virgin Islands
3.77
Florida
0.68



Utah
0.69




 




Using 0.5 and 1.0 as arbitrary cut-off points with anything below 0.5 LOD deaths per 100,000 population as a safer place for an officer to work and anything above 1.0 LOD deaths per 100,000 as being more hazardous states or territories to work, New York and Georgia remain in the more hazardous places to be employed as a police officer.  However, California falls into the safer places to work and Texas and Florida are somewhere in the middle.  Note also that three of the five most hazardous places to work are in the United States Territories.  Also, Alaska, which had only 11 LOD deaths in 16 years is the sixth most hazardous state or territory for police officers.

Note that these statistics are based solely upon the total number of LOD deaths, not just deaths due to gunfire from an assailant.

There is a dark side to officer deaths and it tends to be hidden from public view.  Police suicide rates are not readily available.  The most accessible suicide data show 141 police suicides in 2008, 143 police suicides in 2009, and 126 police suicides in 2012 (http://www.badgeoflife.com/ suicides.php). Some researchers believe these numbers are grossly underreported and suggest that there are upwards of 300 police suicides annually (see for example, Aurizio, 1997; Gold, 1999; Loh, 1994).  Other researchers believe that the suicide rate among retired police officers is at least double that of active duty officers.  Those suicides tend to take place within the first two years of retirement.

So, how do police suicide rates compare to other populations?  The suicide rate for the general public in 2009 was 11 per 100,000 while the verified suicide rate for police officers in that same year was 17 per 100,000.  Army personnel suicide rate in 2009 was 22 per 100,000.  If in fact the true suicide rate for police officers is 300 per year then the suicide rate for officers approximates that of the military suicide rate.

Officers most at risk for suicide are single (63%) males (91%) between the ages of 40 to 44 with 15 to 19 years of service on the job (http://www.policesuicidestudy.com /id16.html).

The reasons for not fully reporting the actual number of police suicides are varied.  While police speak of the Thin Blue Line as a way of being the barrier between criminals and potential innocent victims, some researchers suggest that the Thin Blue Line is also there in the cases of police suicide to protect the family of deceased officers and the reputation of the deceased officers’ agencies.

Summary and Conclusion

While 2015 was a bad year with 129 LOD deaths, it was far from the worst year in the immediate past.  For example, in 2007 we saw 204 LOD deaths.  The officer deaths were well below the average (mean) number of LOD deaths for the years 2000 through 2015 at 162 deaths.  The states in New England are probably the safest states for police officers while New York, Alaska, and the U.S. Territories are the most hazardous states.  Policing is hazardous work, not just because of the potential of being killed by gunfire but also by automobile accidents, vehicular assaults, vehicle pursuits, heart attacks and being struck by vehicles (most likely while out their patrol cars either issuing traffic citations or investigating traffic accidents).

In the 1980s a popular television police series Hill Street Blues began most of its shows with Sergeant Phil Esterhaus played by Michael Conrad (1925 – 1983) doing a police briefing.  Police briefings typically take place at the beginning of a shift and is conducted by a person holding rank such as sergeant or lieutenant.  Its purpose is to inform officers coming on duty of incidents that have transpired over the previous few days and to alert officers to stolen vehicles, wanted suspects, missing persons, and so forth.  At the end of each briefing Sgt. Esterhaus would tell the officers on his shift, “Hey, let’s be careful out there!”
                                                                                               

There is more than one way to die on duty as a police officer.  Gunfire is not the only thing that will kill an officer.  Some of those ways are unavoidable but others could be eliminated or at least reduced by mandatory use of body armor and seatbelts.  In that regards, everyone could reduce their risks of death or injury by the use of seatbelts and being “careful out there”.